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E-numbers

Food additives & E-numbers

A complete reference of 327 food additives. Search any E-number to see its name, function, safety rating and what it means on a label.

All E-numbers

Tap an E-number for a full explanation. To see what a specific product contains, scan its barcode in Skaren.

E-noNameDescriptionRating
E100 Curcumin Natural yellow pigment from turmeric Safe
E101 Riboflavin (Vitamin B2) Natural yellow colour, also a nutrient Safe
E102 Tartrazine Synthetic yellow dye, may cause hyperactivity in children Moderate
E104 Quinoline Yellow Synthetic yellow-green dye Moderate
E110 Sunset Yellow FCF Synthetic orange dye, linked to hyperactivity Moderate
E120 Cochineal / Carmine Red dye derived from insects, not vegan Moderate
E122 Carmoisine Synthetic red dye Moderate
E123 Amaranth Synthetic red dye, banned in the USA Avoid
E124 Ponceau 4R Synthetic red dye, requires warning label in EU Moderate
E127 Erythrosine Synthetic pink/red dye containing iodine Moderate
E129 Allura Red AC Synthetic red dye, linked to hyperactivity in children Moderate
E131 Patent Blue V Synthetic blue dye Moderate
E132 Indigotine Synthetic blue dye, derived from indigo plant Safe
E133 Brilliant Blue FCF Synthetic blue dye Safe
E140 Chlorophylls Natural green pigment from plants Safe
E141 Copper complexes of chlorophylls Natural green colourant derived from chlorophyll Safe
E142 Green S Synthetic green dye Moderate
E150 Caramel colour Brown colourant made from heated sugar, general caramel colour Moderate
E150a Plain caramel Natural brown colourant from heated sugar, no additives used Safe
E150b Caustic sulphite caramel Caramel colour made with sulphites Safe
E150c Ammonia caramel Caramel colour made with ammonia, used in cola drinks Moderate
E150d Sulphite ammonia caramel Most common caramel colour in cola and dark soft drinks Moderate
E151 Brilliant Black BN Synthetic black dye Moderate
E153 Vegetable carbon Natural black colourant from charred plant material Safe
E155 Brown HT Synthetic brown dye Moderate
E160 Carotenoids Natural orange-yellow pigments from plants Safe
E160a Alpha-carotene / Beta-carotene Natural orange pigment, precursor to Vitamin A Safe
E160b Annatto / Bixin / Norbixin Natural orange-red dye from annatto seeds Safe
E160c Paprika extract / Capsanthin Natural red-orange colour from paprika peppers Safe
E160d Lycopene Natural red pigment found in tomatoes Safe
E160e Beta-apo-8-carotenal Natural orange carotenoid pigment Safe
E160f Ethyl ester of beta-apo-8-carotenic acid Synthetic carotenoid colour Safe
E161b Lutein Natural yellow pigment from marigold flowers Safe
E161g Canthaxanthin Orange carotenoid pigment Moderate
E162 Beetroot Red / Betanin Natural red-purple colour from beetroot Safe
E163 Anthocyanins Natural purple-red pigments from berries and grapes Safe
E170 Calcium carbonate White mineral, also used as a calcium supplement Safe
E171 Titanium dioxide White pigment, banned in food in EU since 2022 due to safety concerns Avoid
E172 Iron oxides and hydroxides Natural mineral pigments, yellow/red/black colours Safe
E174 Silver Metallic silver colourant for decoration Safe
E175 Gold Metallic gold colourant for decoration Safe
E180 Litholrubine BK Synthetic red pigment for cheese rind colouring Moderate
E200 Sorbic acid Natural preservative, inhibits mould and yeast Safe
E202 Potassium sorbate Common preservative in cheese, wine, and baked goods Safe
E203 Calcium sorbate Preservative derived from sorbic acid Safe
E210 Benzoic acid Preservative, can form benzene with Vitamin C Moderate
E211 Sodium benzoate Common preservative, linked to hyperactivity in children, can form carcinogenic benzene with Vitamin C Avoid
E212 Potassium benzoate Preservative similar to sodium benzoate Moderate
E213 Calcium benzoate Preservative similar to sodium benzoate Moderate
E214 Ethyl para-hydroxybenzoate Paraben preservative Moderate
E216 Propyl para-hydroxybenzoate Paraben preservative, banned in EU food Avoid
E218 Methyl para-hydroxybenzoate Paraben preservative Moderate
E220 Sulphur dioxide Preservative in wine and dried fruit, may trigger asthma Moderate
E221 Sodium sulphite Sulphite preservative, allergen for asthmatics Moderate
E222 Sodium hydrogen sulphite Sulphite preservative Moderate
E223 Sodium metabisulphite Sulphite preservative commonly used in wine Moderate
E224 Potassium metabisulphite Sulphite preservative used in wine and beer Moderate
E225 Potassium sulphite Sulphite preservative Moderate
E226 Calcium sulphite Sulphite preservative Moderate
E227 Calcium hydrogen sulphite Sulphite preservative Moderate
E228 Potassium hydrogen sulphite Sulphite preservative used in wine Moderate
E230 Biphenyl Fungicide used on citrus fruit skin, not for consumption Avoid
E231 Orthophenyl phenol Fungicide for citrus fruit surface Avoid
E232 Sodium orthophenyl phenol Fungicide for citrus fruit surface Avoid
E234 Nisin Natural antibiotic preservative from bacteria Safe
E235 Natamycin Natural antifungal for cheese and sausage surfaces Safe
E239 Hexamethylene tetramine Preservative that releases formaldehyde Avoid
E242 Dimethyl dicarbonate Preservative used in beverages Safe
E249 Potassium nitrite Preservative in cured meats, can form carcinogenic nitrosamines Avoid
E250 Sodium nitrite Preservative in processed meats, linked to cancer risk Avoid
E251 Sodium nitrate Preservative in cured meats Moderate
E252 Potassium nitrate Preservative in cured meats Moderate
E260 Acetic acid Natural preservative, the main component of vinegar Safe
E261 Potassium acetate Preservative and acidity regulator Safe
E262 Sodium acetate Preservative with a salt-and-vinegar flavour Safe
E263 Calcium acetate Preservative and firming agent Safe
E270 Lactic acid Natural preservative produced by fermentation, found in yoghurt Safe
E280 Propionic acid Natural preservative found in Swiss cheese Safe
E281 Sodium propionate Preservative in bread and baked goods Safe
E282 Calcium propionate Common preservative in bread Safe
E283 Potassium propionate Preservative in baked goods Safe
E284 Boric acid Preservative only permitted in caviar, toxic in large amounts Avoid
E285 Sodium tetraborate (Borax) Preservative only permitted in caviar, harmful compound Avoid
E290 Carbon dioxide Natural gas used for carbonation and preservation Safe
E296 Malic acid Natural acid found in apples, used as flavouring Safe
E297 Fumaric acid Natural acid used as acidity regulator Safe
E300 Ascorbic acid (Vitamin C) Natural antioxidant vitamin, preserves colour and freshness Safe
E301 Sodium ascorbate Sodium salt of Vitamin C, antioxidant Safe
E302 Calcium ascorbate Calcium salt of Vitamin C, antioxidant Safe
E304 Fatty acid esters of ascorbic acid Fat-soluble antioxidant derived from Vitamin C Safe
E306 Tocopherol-rich extract (Vitamin E) Natural antioxidant from vegetable oils Safe
E307 Alpha-tocopherol Synthetic Vitamin E antioxidant Safe
E308 Gamma-tocopherol Synthetic Vitamin E antioxidant Safe
E309 Delta-tocopherol Synthetic Vitamin E antioxidant Safe
E310 Propyl gallate Antioxidant in fats and oils, may cause allergic reactions Moderate
E311 Octyl gallate Antioxidant in fats and oils Moderate
E312 Dodecyl gallate Antioxidant in fats and oils Moderate
E315 Erythorbic acid Antioxidant, isomer of Vitamin C Safe
E316 Sodium erythorbate Antioxidant used in cured meats Safe
E319 TBHQ (Tertiary butylhydroquinone) Synthetic antioxidant in fast food and packaged snacks, concerns over DNA damage at high doses Avoid
E320 BHA (Butylated hydroxyanisole) Synthetic antioxidant, possible carcinogen, listed as reasonably anticipated carcinogen Avoid
E321 BHT (Butylated hydroxytoluene) Synthetic antioxidant, some concerns over long-term safety Moderate
E322 Lecithins Natural emulsifier from soy or eggs, common in chocolate Safe
E325 Sodium lactate Sodium salt of lactic acid, antioxidant and humectant Safe
E326 Potassium lactate Potassium salt of lactic acid Safe
E327 Calcium lactate Calcium salt of lactic acid, also a calcium supplement Safe
E330 Citric acid Natural acid found in citrus fruits, very common preservative Safe
E331 Sodium citrates Sodium salt of citric acid, acidity regulator Safe
E332 Potassium citrates Potassium salt of citric acid Safe
E333 Calcium citrates Calcium salt of citric acid Safe
E334 Tartaric acid Natural acid from grapes, used in wine and baking powder Safe
E335 Sodium tartrates Sodium salt of tartaric acid Safe
E336 Potassium tartrates Cream of tartar, used in baking Safe
E337 Sodium potassium tartrate Rochelle salt, acidity regulator Safe
E338 Phosphoric acid Acid in cola drinks, may affect bone density with excess consumption Moderate
E339 Sodium phosphates Acidity regulator and emulsifier Moderate
E340 Potassium phosphates Acidity regulator Moderate
E341 Calcium phosphates Calcium supplement and raising agent in baking Safe
E343 Magnesium phosphates Acidity regulator Safe
E350 Sodium malates Sodium salt of malic acid, acidity regulator Safe
E351 Potassium malate Potassium salt of malic acid Safe
E352 Calcium malates Calcium salt of malic acid Safe
E353 Metatartaric acid Stabiliser in wine Safe
E354 Calcium tartrate Acidity regulator Safe
E355 Adipic acid Acidity regulator in baking powder and gelatine Safe
E356 Sodium adipate Sodium salt of adipic acid Safe
E357 Potassium adipate Potassium salt of adipic acid Safe
E363 Succinic acid Natural acid found in meat and vegetables Safe
E380 Triammonium citrate Acidity regulator Safe
E385 Calcium disodium EDTA Antioxidant in canned foods and mayonnaise Moderate
E392 Extracts of rosemary Natural antioxidant from rosemary plant Safe
E400 Alginic acid Natural thickener from brown seaweed Safe
E401 Sodium alginate Thickener and gelling agent from seaweed Safe
E402 Potassium alginate Thickener from seaweed Safe
E403 Ammonium alginate Thickener from seaweed Safe
E404 Calcium alginate Thickener and gelling agent from seaweed Safe
E405 Propylene glycol alginate Emulsifier from seaweed, contains propylene glycol Moderate
E406 Agar Natural gelling agent from red algae, vegan gelatine alternative Safe
E407 Carrageenan Thickener from red seaweed, some concerns over gut inflammation Moderate
E407a Processed Eucheuma seaweed Similar to carrageenan, from seaweed Moderate
E410 Locust bean gum Natural thickener from carob seeds Safe
E412 Guar gum Natural thickener from guar beans Safe
E413 Tragacanth Natural gum from a plant, used as thickener Safe
E414 Acacia gum (Gum arabic) Natural gum from acacia trees Safe
E415 Xanthan gum Natural thickener produced by fermentation, common in gluten-free foods Safe
E416 Karaya gum Natural gum from a tree Safe
E417 Tara gum Natural thickener from tara seeds Safe
E418 Gellan gum Natural gelling agent from bacterial fermentation Safe
E420 Sorbitol Natural sugar alcohol, lower calorie sweetener, laxative effect in large amounts Safe
E421 Mannitol Natural sugar alcohol from seaweed and mushrooms Safe
E422 Glycerol Natural humectant that keeps food moist Safe
E425 Konjac Natural gelling agent from konjac plant Safe
E430 Polyoxyethylene stearate Synthetic emulsifier Moderate
E431 Polyoxyethylene (40) stearate Synthetic emulsifier Moderate
E432 Polyoxyethylene sorbitan monolaurate (Polysorbate 20) Synthetic emulsifier, some concerns over gut microbiome effects Moderate
E433 Polysorbate 80 Synthetic emulsifier, some concerns over gut health Moderate
E434 Polysorbate 40 Synthetic emulsifier Moderate
E435 Polysorbate 60 Synthetic emulsifier Moderate
E436 Polysorbate 65 Synthetic emulsifier Moderate
E440 Pectins Natural gelling agent from fruit, used in jams Safe
E442 Ammonium phosphatides Emulsifier in chocolate Safe
E444 Sucrose acetate isobutyrate Emulsifier in beverages Safe
E445 Glycerol esters of wood rosins Stabiliser in beverages Safe
E450 Diphosphates Raising agent and emulsifier, high phosphate intake may affect kidneys Moderate
E451 Triphosphates Emulsifier and water-binding agent in processed meats Moderate
E452 Polyphosphates Emulsifier in processed cheese and meats Moderate
E459 Beta-cyclodextrin Encapsulation agent for flavours Safe
E460 Cellulose Natural plant fibre, used as thickener and anti-caking agent Safe
E461 Methyl cellulose Modified plant cellulose, thickener Safe
E462 Ethyl cellulose Modified plant cellulose Safe
E463 Hydroxypropyl cellulose Modified plant cellulose, thickener Safe
E464 Hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose Modified plant cellulose, used in gluten-free foods Safe
E465 Methyl ethyl cellulose Modified plant cellulose Safe
E466 Carboxy methyl cellulose Synthetic cellulose thickener, some concerns over gut microbiome Moderate
E470a Sodium, potassium and calcium salts of fatty acids Emulsifiers derived from fatty acids Safe
E471 Mono- and diglycerides of fatty acids Common emulsifier in baked goods and margarine Safe
E472a Acetic acid esters of mono- and diglycerides Emulsifier in bread and baked goods Safe
E472b Lactic acid esters of mono- and diglycerides Emulsifier in baked goods Safe
E472c Citric acid esters of mono- and diglycerides Emulsifier in margarine Safe
E472e Mono- and diacetyl tartaric acid esters of mono- and diglycerides Emulsifier in bread dough Safe
E473 Sucrose esters of fatty acids Emulsifier from sugar and fatty acids Safe
E474 Sucroglycerids Emulsifier from sugar and fats Safe
E475 Polyglycerol esters of fatty acids Emulsifier in baked goods Safe
E476 Polyglycerol polyricinoleate Emulsifier in chocolate to reduce viscosity Safe
E477 Propylene glycol esters of fatty acids Synthetic emulsifier Moderate
E481 Sodium stearoyl-2-lactylate Emulsifier in bread and baked goods Safe
E482 Calcium stearoyl-2-lactylate Emulsifier in baked goods Safe
E483 Stearyl tartrate Emulsifier in bread Safe
E491 Sorbitan monostearate Emulsifier in yeast products Safe
E492 Sorbitan tristearate Emulsifier in chocolate Safe
E493 Sorbitan monolaurate Emulsifier in yeast products Safe
E494 Sorbitan monooleate Emulsifier Safe
E495 Sorbitan monopalmitate Emulsifier Safe
E500 Sodium carbonates Baking soda family, raising agent in baked goods Safe
E501 Potassium carbonates Raising agent and acidity regulator Safe
E503 Ammonium carbonates Raising agent in biscuits and cookies, releases ammonia when heated Safe
E504 Magnesium carbonates Anti-caking agent and raising agent Safe
E505 Ferrous carbonate Iron supplement and acidity regulator Safe
E507 Hydrochloric acid Acidity regulator used in food processing Safe
E508 Potassium chloride Salt substitute and gelling agent Safe
E509 Calcium chloride Firming agent in canned vegetables and tofu Safe
E511 Magnesium chloride Firming agent used in tofu production Safe
E512 Stannous chloride Antioxidant in canned asparagus Moderate
E513 Sulphuric acid Acidity regulator in food processing Safe
E514 Sodium sulphates Acidity regulator Safe
E515 Potassium sulphates Acidity regulator and salt substitute Safe
E516 Calcium sulphate Firming agent and calcium supplement, used in tofu Safe
E517 Ammonium sulphate Dough conditioner in bread Safe
E520 Aluminium sulphate Firming agent, high aluminium intake linked to health concerns Moderate
E524 Sodium hydroxide Acidity regulator used in olives and cocoa processing Safe
E525 Potassium hydroxide Acidity regulator Safe
E526 Calcium hydroxide Firming agent and acidity regulator Safe
E527 Ammonium hydroxide Acidity regulator used in cocoa processing Safe
E528 Magnesium hydroxide Acidity regulator Safe
E529 Calcium oxide Acidity regulator Safe
E530 Magnesium oxide Anti-caking agent and acidity regulator Safe
E535 Sodium ferrocyanide Anti-caking agent in table salt Safe
E536 Potassium ferrocyanide Anti-caking agent in salt Safe
E538 Calcium ferrocyanide Anti-caking agent Safe
E541 Sodium aluminium phosphate Raising agent in baking powder, contains aluminium Moderate
E551 Silicon dioxide Anti-caking agent in powdered foods Safe
E552 Calcium silicate Anti-caking agent in table salt and icing sugar Safe
E553a Magnesium silicate Anti-caking agent Safe
E553b Talc Anti-caking agent on rice and chewing gum Moderate
E554 Sodium aluminium silicate Anti-caking agent, contains aluminium Moderate
E555 Potassium aluminium silicate Anti-caking agent, contains aluminium Moderate
E556 Calcium aluminium silicate Anti-caking agent, contains aluminium Moderate
E558 Bentonite Natural clay used as anti-caking agent Safe
E559 Aluminium silicate (Kaolin) Anti-caking agent Safe
E570 Fatty acids Anti-caking agent and glazing agent Safe
E574 Gluconic acid Natural acid found in fruit and honey Safe
E575 Glucono delta-lactone Acidifier used in tofu and baked goods Safe
E576 Sodium gluconate Sequestrant and stabiliser Safe
E577 Potassium gluconate Sequestrant Safe
E578 Calcium gluconate Firming agent and calcium supplement Safe
E579 Ferrous gluconate Iron supplement and colour stabiliser in olives Safe
E585 Ferrous lactate Colour stabiliser in olives Safe
E620 Glutamic acid Natural amino acid, base form of MSG Moderate
E621 Monosodium glutamate (MSG) Common umami flavour enhancer, some people report sensitivity Moderate
E622 Monopotassium glutamate Flavour enhancer similar to MSG Moderate
E623 Calcium diglutamate Flavour enhancer Moderate
E624 Monoammonium glutamate Flavour enhancer Moderate
E625 Magnesium diglutamate Flavour enhancer Moderate
E626 Guanylic acid Flavour enhancer, often derived from fish or meat Moderate
E627 Disodium guanylate Flavour enhancer often used with MSG, often derived from fish Moderate
E628 Dipotassium guanylate Flavour enhancer Moderate
E629 Calcium guanylate Flavour enhancer Moderate
E630 Inosinic acid Flavour enhancer, usually from meat or fish Moderate
E631 Disodium inosinate Flavour enhancer often paired with MSG, often from fish or meat Moderate
E632 Dipotassium inosinate Flavour enhancer Moderate
E633 Calcium inosinate Flavour enhancer Moderate
E634 Calcium 5-ribonucleotides Flavour enhancer blend Moderate
E635 Disodium 5-ribonucleotides Powerful flavour enhancer, combination of E627 and E631 Moderate
E640 Glycine and its sodium salt Natural amino acid used as flavour modifier Safe
E650 Zinc acetate Used in chewing gum Safe
E586 4-Hexylresorcinol Antioxidant used to prevent browning in crustaceans Safe
E900 Dimethyl polysiloxane Anti-foaming agent in cooking oils and beverages Safe
E901 Beeswax Natural wax from bees used to glaze fruit and sweets Safe
E902 Candelilla wax Natural plant wax, vegan alternative to beeswax Safe
E903 Carnauba wax Natural wax from Brazilian palm leaves, used on sweets and fruit Safe
E904 Shellac Natural resin secreted by lac bugs, not vegan Safe
E905 Microcrystalline wax Petroleum-derived wax for glazing Safe
E907 Hydrogenated poly-1-decene Synthetic glazing agent Safe
E908 Rice bran wax Natural wax from rice bran Safe
E909 Spermaceti wax Wax from sperm whales, rarely used today Safe
E910 L-cysteine Dough conditioner, often derived from human hair or duck feathers Moderate
E912 Montanic acid esters Glazing agent from montan wax Safe
E914 Oxidised polyethylene wax Synthetic glazing agent for fresh fruit Safe
E915 Colophonium esters Glazing agent from tree resin Safe
E920 L-cysteine hydrochloride Dough conditioner, often from animal sources Moderate
E927b Carbamide (Urea) Dough conditioner and chewing gum component Safe
E938 Argon Inert gas used in modified atmosphere packaging Safe
E939 Helium Inert gas used in food packaging Safe
E940 Dichlorodifluoromethane Refrigerant gas used for quick-freezing food Safe
E941 Nitrogen Inert gas used in food packaging to prevent oxidation Safe
E942 Nitrous oxide Propellant in whipped cream canisters Safe
E943a Butane Propellant gas in food packaging Safe
E943b Iso-butane Propellant gas Safe
E944 Propane Propellant gas in food packaging Safe
E945 Chloropentafluoroethane Propellant gas Safe
E946 Octafluorocyclobutane Propellant gas Safe
E948 Oxygen Used in modified atmosphere packaging for fresh meat Safe
E949 Hydrogen Packaging gas Safe
E950 Acesulfame K Artificial sweetener, 200x sweeter than sugar, some concerns over long-term use Moderate
E951 Aspartame Artificial sweetener, controversial, avoid if you have PKU Moderate
E952 Cyclamates Artificial sweetener banned in USA, permitted in EU Avoid
E953 Isomalt Sugar alcohol from beet sugar, used in sugar-free sweets Safe
E954 Saccharin Oldest artificial sweetener, bitter aftertaste, some controversy Moderate
E955 Sucralose Artificial sweetener derived from sugar, 600x sweeter than sugar Moderate
E957 Thaumatin Natural protein sweetener from katemfe fruit, 2000x sweeter than sugar Safe
E958 Glycyrrhizin Natural sweetener from liquorice root Moderate
E959 Neohesperidine DC Semi-synthetic sweetener from citrus Safe
E960 Steviol glycosides (Stevia) Natural sweetener from the stevia plant, no calories Safe
E961 Neotame Artificial sweetener, very high sweetness intensity Safe
E962 Salt of aspartame-acesulfame Combination artificial sweetener Moderate
E965 Maltitol Sugar alcohol, laxative effect in large amounts Safe
E966 Lactitol Sugar alcohol from lactose Safe
E967 Xylitol Natural sugar alcohol from birch, good for teeth, toxic to dogs Safe
E968 Erythritol Natural sugar alcohol, zero calories, good digestive tolerance Safe
E969 Advantame Artificial sweetener, extremely high sweetness Safe
E1100 Amylases Natural enzymes used in bread making and brewing Safe
E1101 Proteases Natural enzymes used in meat tenderising and cheese making Safe
E1102 Glucose oxidase Enzyme used in bread baking Safe
E1103 Invertases Enzyme used in confectionery Safe
E1200 Polydextrose Synthetic dietary fibre used as bulking agent Safe
E1201 Polyvinylpyrrolidone Stabiliser in tablets and beverages Safe
E1202 Polyvinyl polypyrrolidone Clarifying agent in beverages Safe
E1204 Pullulan Natural polysaccharide from fermentation Safe
E1400 Dextrin Modified starch used as thickener Safe
E1401 Acid-treated starch Modified starch Safe
E1402 Alkaline-treated starch Modified starch Safe
E1403 Bleached starch Modified starch Safe
E1404 Oxidised starch Modified starch used as thickener Safe
E1410 Monostarch phosphate Modified starch Safe
E1412 Distarch phosphate Modified starch used in sauces Safe
E1413 Phosphated distarch phosphate Modified starch Safe
E1414 Acetylated distarch phosphate Modified starch used in frozen foods Safe
E1420 Acetylated starch Modified starch Safe
E1422 Acetylated distarch adipate Modified starch used in sauces and dressings Safe
E1440 Hydroxy propyl starch Modified starch Safe
E1442 Hydroxy propyl distarch phosphate Modified starch commonly used in sauces Safe
E1450 Starch sodium octenyl succinate Modified starch used as emulsifier in beverages Safe
E1451 Acetylated oxidised starch Modified starch Safe
E1452 Starch aluminium octenyl succinate Modified starch emulsifier Safe
E1505 Triethyl citrate Stabiliser in dried egg products Safe
E1518 Glyceryl triacetate (Triacetin) Humectant and solvent in food flavourings Safe
E1520 Propylene glycol Humectant and solvent, GRAS in USA but some concerns Moderate

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